Children’s exposure to parental physical abuse is a major challenge for global public health that has strong associations with poorer child outcomes. The proposed project will examine the associations between parental physical abuse and young children’s socio-emotional development in the context of gender inequality and violent social norms and crimes, using data on over 520,000 families in 57 low- and middle-income countries. Findings from the proposed studies will inform preventative and targeted interventions to decrease gender disparities and parental violence against children and improve child social-emotional development across the globe.